Medication for Autism and ADHD
Parents of children and youth with co-occurring ASD and ADHD report high rates of use of medication. However, research on psychopharmacological treatments is limited in both number and type.
Risperidone (Risperdal) and aripiprazole (Abilify) are the only medications approved by the FDA for use by children with autism to help reduce irritability and aggression. However, other medications can also prove beneficial.
Antipsychotics
Research on co-occurring ADHD symptoms and ASD remains insufficient despite the growing interest. A variety of psychosocial therapies are available for each disorder however, very few studies have assessed treatment effectiveness in the context of co-occurring symptoms. It is crucial to gain a better understanding of the interaction between co-occurring disorders as well as how they develop over time. This will aid in the development of both pharmacological and psychosocial treatments.
Many people with ASD suffer from ADHD and other mental conditions such as depression or anxiety. There are a variety of psychosocial treatments available for these disorders, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy, and family therapy. These psychosocial treatments may be more effective than pharmacological treatment for some people with co-occurring ADHD and ASD.
For the most fundamental ASD symptoms like poor social communication skills and rigid thinking, non-pharmacological interventions are generally preferred. They include behavioral training and peer support groups. For those suffering from comorbid ADHD and ASD symptoms such as aggression, irritability, and disordered mood dysregulation medication can be helpful. Atypical antipsychotics are not able to improve core ASD symptoms and the evidence for this is at best sporadic.
Current theories suggest that the symptoms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and ADHD are caused by abnormalities in neurotransmitter pathways, especially ones that involve glutamate, dopamine, and serotonin.2 These changes affect the prefrontal cortex, mesocorticolimbic, which is involved in emotional regulation and behavior control.
A few of these issues are believed to be the result of decreased activity in certain brain regions, such as the striatum. To treat ADHD and ASD, several medications that alter dopamine or glutamate levels are being investigated.
Several types are being studied for the treatment of comorbid ADHD symptoms and ASD, including risperidone Aripiprazole, aripiprazole and domperidone. The emergence of a common name for dopamine antagonists is pending.
Antipsychotics are the same as any other medication. Randomized controlled trials provide the most accurate information on the effects of aripiprazole or risperidone on adults with ASD or ADHD. These trials utilized parallel crossover and withdrawal strategies. In general, the drugs perform better than placebo in reducing irritability and aggression and enhancing the functioning. They are also generally well tolerated. One third of people who use these medications will find that the drug works well for most or all of their symptoms. The other two-thirds may only experience a slight improvement.
Stimulants
Although non-medical care is typically recommended for autism, medication may be beneficial for a few children and adults. Antipsychotics can help reduce anxiety and self-injurious behaviors and stimulants like methylphenidate (which helps with ADHD symptoms) can help improve concentration. However, they don't address core autism behaviors such as repetitive and restricted interests or difficulties communicating. Many adults and children with autism also suffer from co-occurring mental health disorders like depression, mood disorders, or anxiety that hinder everyday functioning.
Irritability is another challenge for children and adults with autism. This can lead to anger outbursts, self-injury or difficulty with transitions or adhering to routines. Risperdal (Risperdal) and aripiprazole, (Abilify), are the only medications that are approved to treat autism-related irritability. These drugs are thought to work by affecting dopamine, a brain organ that is involved in decisions and emotions.
The most frequently prescribed ADHD medications are methylphenidate products like Ritalin, as well as mixed amphetamine salts that boost dopamine levels in the frontal lobes of our brain. Some studies suggest that these medications are as effective for patients with autism and ADHD as they are in those with pure ADHD, though other studies suggest that they may be less beneficial. It is important for parents to consult their physician about whether the benefits of these drugs outweigh any potential side effects.
Some researchers believe that second-line ADHD medications, such as atomoxetine or Guanfacine, could be more effective in decreasing ADHD symptoms among those with autism. These medications are believed to function by interfacing with the dopamine and norepinephrine systems, which are linked with mood and motivation.
Connor's therapist and psychiatrist are working hard to teach him social skills and help him manage his anxieties. Even with these treatments, hyperactivity and inattention may be a hindrance to his development. His family decided to give him an ADHD medication in order to help him focus.
After three months, he's more focused at school and in his daily activities. And his parents are seeing that he can follow instructions more effectively, listen when someone speaks to him and take part in group activities. adhd medication list says that the medication has been an absolute lifesaver.
Benzodiazepines
The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs that reduce the central nervous system, producing tranquility and sleep. These drugs are used to treat many conditions, including seizures, anxiety disorders, and insomnia. They target specific receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) which inhibits brain waves and blocks communication between neurons. By opening GABA receptors and keeping them open longer benzodiazepines enhance inhibition and prevent excitatory neurons from becoming hyperactive. The theory suggests that the most prominent characteristics of autism result from an imbalance in inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmissions in the brain. Animal models support this theory by demonstrating that clonazepam reverses some of the autistic behaviors observed in mice suffering from Dravet syndrome, which is a type of epilepsy.
Anxiety is often a co-occurring disorder for people suffering from autism spectrum disorders. In some cases anxiety can be the reason for a person's violent or self-injurious behavior. In others it's a reaction to sensory issues that can make life difficult and trigger anxious feelings.
Antidepressants are among the treatments available. They increase the level norepinephrine, which is a chemical found in the brain believed to improve self-esteem and cope. They also decrease the reuptake of neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. This reduces anxiety and irritability. Atypical antipsychotics like risperidone (Risperdal) and aripiprazole (Abilify) can assist with irritability, aggression, and Tourette syndrome in people who have autism.
There is evidence that melatonin can increase the duration and quality of sleep among adults with ASD. However, studies that have been controlled are lacking in this population. Methylphenidate is effective in treating ADHD symptoms in children who have ASD, but it's not as effective as it is in typical children.
If they are not utilized properly, the medications for autism and ADHD can be harmful. The most important thing is to collaborate with your doctor to find the best medication and dosage for your child or teenager. Always follow the directions on the label of the medication. Don't discontinue or start taking your medication suddenly, as this could be extremely risky. It is important to seek immediate help when you suspect that you or someone else has taken too much medication. In addition, record your child's height and weight regularly and also their menstrual cycle, to ensure that the medications aren't having any unintended negative effects.
Medication Options
Both conditions are common in children with autism. Both disorders are typically treated with medications. The most commonly used to treat ADHD -the methylphenidate (Ritalin), amphetamines (Adderall, Vyvanse), atomoxetine (Strattera) and Guanfacine (Intuniv, Tenex) -- can be effective in treating the hyperactivity and impulsivity that are associated with autism.
In addition, some children with autism are prone to severe irritability and aggression, and those symptoms are difficult to control with methods for managing behavior on their own. Certain medications such as Abilify and Risperdal can help to reduce aggression and self-injury through altering a neurotransmitter known as dopamine. These medications aren't endorsed by the FDA for use in children with autism, but they can be prescribed "off-label" to treat specific symptoms.
It is important for parents to discuss with their pediatricians if medication is appropriate for the child. Many studies have proven that children who take ADHD medication to treat autism that coexists can enjoy a higher quality of life both at home and in school, and may make significant academic and behavioral progress.
Psychiatrists are trained in helping children manage symptoms of autism and ADHD. They may recommend behaviorally focused parent training, which involves groups and manual programs that teach parents skills to minimize disruptive behaviors. They can also provide psychosocial services that focus on improving communication and relationships among family members.
Some families, however prefer using medication to control their child's behavior. Parents have reported that the calming effects of antipsychotics can aid in reducing the child's aggression, anger as well as self-injury. They might be willing to consider this option if other methods aren't working.
In the same way, many children who have autism also suffer from a mental health condition that impacts their ability to learn and function, for example anxiety or depression. These disorders often co-occur and can affect therapy effectiveness. For these children that have a variety of disorders, a combination of behavioral therapy and medication can be beneficial. This approach is especially helpful for children with a more severe form autism or who don't respond to other interventions.